Therefore the battery terminals keep changing i.e. Positive (+ve) becomes Negative (-Ve) and vice versa, but the battery cannot change their terminals with the same speed so that’s why we can’t store AC in Batteries.
The reason is that AC supply has frequency (50Hz in UK and 60Hz in the US) i.e. the direction and magnitude of AC supply changes multiple times in a second according to the rate of frequency. This way, the battery will charge in the first half cycle and discharge in the second half cycle of AC supply.
Keep in mind that same like a battery, a transformer also can’t be connected to the DC supply. Lowering the level of AC voltage doesn’t mean that it will act like a DC or charge the battery. The same charging and discharging and frequent chemical reactions will occur on both terminals of the battery with no storage charge at all.
With this analogy, it is plainly obvious why both the positive and negative ends of a battery must be connected in a circuit. If, say, you connect only the negative electrode to ground, there is no current because there is no electricity coming in on the positive electrode that can be pumped out.
As the State of Charge (SOC) increases, the battery charging current limit decreases in steps. Additionally, we observe that the battery voltage increases linearly with SOC. Here, Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) = V Terminal when no load is connected to the battery. Battery Maximum Voltage Limit = OCV at the 100% SOC (full charge) = 400 V.
If the battery is not connected to anything, the chemical force is pulling on the ions, trying to draw them across the electrolyte to complete the reaction, but this is balanced by the electrostatic force-- the voltage between the electrodes.
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