Performance enhancers: Electrolytes for Li–air batteries include non-aqueous liquid electrolytes, solid-state electrolytes, aqueous electrolytes, and hybrid electrolytes. This Review shows the importance of electrolytes to the mechanisms and performance of lithium–air batteries and provides a basis for selecting suitable electrolytes.
The serious problems of lithium–air batteries with liquid electrolytes are leakage and evaporation of the electrolyte over long operation period of more than 10 years for EVs and stationary use under open air. To address these problems, a solid-state lithium–air battery system has been developed [83, 84].
Lithium–air batteries are promising devices for electrochemical energy storage because of their ultrahigh energy density. However, it is still challenging to achieve practical Li–air batteries because of their severe capacity fading and poor rate capability. Electrolytes are the prime suspects for cell failure.
As an important component in rechargeable lithium and beyond lithium based batteries, five types of electrolytes on current investigation including non-aqueous organic electrolytes, aqueous solutions, ionic liquids, polymer and hybrid electrolytes have been introduced in this review.
Lithium–air batteries are among the candidates for next-generation batteries because of their high energy density (3500 Wh/kg). The past 20 years have witnessed rapid developments of lithium–air batteries in electrochemistry and material engineering with scientists’ collaboration from all over the world.
2.3. Rechargeable solid-state and molten salt lithium–air batteries The serious problems of lithium–air batteries with liquid electrolytes are leakage and evaporation of the electrolyte over long operation period of more than 10 years for EVs and stationary use under open air.
Here we report a highly stable, integrated, flexible SSLAB with a lithium-ion-exchanged zeolite X (LiX) zeolite membrane (LiXZM) as the inorganic solid electrolyte (Fig. …
Lithium–air batteries are among the candidates for next-generation batteries because of their high energy density (3500 Wh/kg). The past 20 years have witnessed rapid developments of …
Li–air(O 2) battery, characterized by energy-rich redox chemistry of Li stripping/plating and oxygen conversion, emerges as a promising "beyond Li-ion" strategy. In view of the superior …
Li-air battery (LAB) has been one of the next-generation energy storage systems, but its state-of-the-art performance is still unsatisfactory because of critical problems such as …
Traditional lithium–air batteries (LABs) have been seriously affected by cycle performance and safety issues due to many problems such as the volatility and leakage of …
A lithium–air capacitor–battery based on a hybrid electrolyte. Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 4994–4999 (2011).This paper showed a lithium–air capacitor–battery system based on a …
Alkaline solutions such as potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions are the most common electrolytes developed for use in Al–air batteries, and …
Under the condition of the charge–discharge current density of 100 mA cm−2, 136 cycles (1360 h) of lithium–air battery using PFDL mixed electrolyte in the air environment …
The polymers with good electronic conductivity have potential for use as polymer electrode material and polymers with good ionic conductivity can be employed as …
Li–air(O 2) battery, characterized by energy-rich redox chemistry of Li stripping/plating and oxygen conversion, emerges as a promising "beyond Li-ion" strategy. In view of the superior stability and inherent safety, a solid-state …
An alternative rechargeable aqueous lithium–air battery was proposed by Visco et al. in 2004 [13], which consisted of a lithium metal anode, a porous cathode, and an …
Lithium-air capacitor-battery (LACB) is a novel electrochemical energy storage device that integrates the fast charging-and-discharging function of a supercapacitor into a …
Although the halide-based solid electrolyte is intensively applied for the lithium battery due to its excellent performance, the study of these materials is actively ongoing. Liang …
Lithium air/O 2 battery (LAB) is a device where a lithium anode is electrochemically coupled with the atmosphere through a ceramic composite cathode, the electrolyte being liquid or polymer-based. The main advantage of …
Amphoteric Li-air battery: An amphoteric lithium-air battery is made up of a metallic lithium anode, a lithium salt dissolved in an organic solvent, and a porous O 2 …
A counterpart to the non-aqueous Li–air battery is the aqueous Li–air battery (), which utilizes an aqueous electrolyte on the cathode side and an additional lithium-ion conducting separator between the lithium anode and …
This paper primarily introduces the recent developments of solid-state lithium-air batteries (SSLABs) and the applications of different types of solid-state electrolytes in Li-air …
Lithium metal is a tempting anode material for any battery because of its outstanding specific capacity (3842 mA h g −1 for Li vs. 815 mA h g −1 for Zn). Combining the high energy density …
The molten electrolyte lithium–air battery has the potential to be a compact battery for electricity storage because it has an extremely high theoretical volume-specific …
Lithium air/O 2 battery (LAB) is a device where a lithium anode is electrochemically coupled with the atmosphere through a ceramic composite cathode, the …
This Review details recent advances in battery chemistries and systems enabled by solid electrolytes, including all-solid-state lithium-ion, lithium–air, lithium–sulfur and …
The molten electrolyte lithium–air battery has the potential to be a compact battery for electricity storage because it has an extremely high theoretical volume-specific …
In this Review, we focus on the opportunities and challenges of electrolytes for rechargeable Li–air batteries. A detailed summary of the reaction mechanisms, internal …
Lithium–air batteries are among the candidates for next-generation batteries because of their high energy density (3500 Wh/kg). The past 20 years have witnessed rapid developments of lithium–air batteries in electrochemistry and …
Li-air battery (LAB) has been one of the next-generation energy storage systems, but its state-of-the-art performance is still unsatisfactory because of critical problems such as …
Lithium metal is a tempting anode material for any battery because of its outstanding specific capacity (3842 mA h g −1 for Li vs. 815 mA h g −1 for Zn). Combining the high energy density of Li with ambient oxygen seems to be a …