The combination of two electrodes based on polymeric active materials can lead to full-polymeric batteries [17, 33] (see Figure 2, top)—one of the polymers can be oxidized and one can be reduced during the charge process. Nevertheless, polymer-based electrodes can also be combined with other electrodes.
This means that the same polymer active materials can be used in different metal-ion batteries, such as LIBs, sodium-ion batteries, and multivalent-ion devices . In addition, the organic polymer active materials can also act as a catalyst layer to accelerate gas reduction and evolution reactions in metal-air batteries [222,223].
Polymer-based batteries typically consist of the electrodes and the electrolyte/separator (see Section 4.4). The electrodes themselves typically consist of three components in different ratios: The active polymer (see Section 4.1), a conductive additive (see Section 4.2) as well as a polymeric binder (see Section 4.3).
The all-polymer fibre batteries can also be integrated and prepared by coating the slurry onto the conductive fibre substrate, wrapping the separator, twisting two electrode fibres, and sealing the electrode fibres in PTFE tubes filled with electrolyte (Fig. 5d).
The all-polymer film batteries can be efficiently made by sandwiching the membrane soaked with an electrolyte between prepared electrode films due to the simple construction of symmetric electrodes.
These materials are also interesting for application in polymeric anodes (e.g., in combination with PPY), resulting in a maximum cell voltage of 1.4 V. Often the performance of polymer-based batteries with conjugated active materials is characterized by a sloping cell potential.
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