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What is the average voltage of a battery?

The average standard deviation of current and voltage is 1.2873 A and 0.0368 V respectively. The battery reaches the peak current at the beginning of short circuit, as shown in Fig. 8 (C). High current generates a large amount of heat, and the maximum temperature rise of the cells exceeds 90 °C.

How does SoC affect battery short-circuit characteristics?

SOC also exerts its influence on battery short-circuit characteristics. Under the same ambient temperature conditions, cells with higher SOC exhibit greater peak short-circuit current magnitudes and shorter durations, as demonstrated in Fig. 10 (A–C).

What causes a lower series resistance in the dark measurements?

The change in the current path causes a lower series resistance in the dark measurements to the light measurements. Comparison of current paths under illumination and in the dark. In both cases the currents are the same. In the dark case the current flows into the cell and in the illuminated case the current flows out of the cell.

What is the voltage of a cell in a short circuit?

The voltage of Cell 02 dips to about 0 V, and the ESC current diminishes to 0 A as the short circuit branch current equals that of Branch 1. The voltage of the remaining cells in Branch 1 elevates to over 4.4 V, while the cells in Branch 2 exhibit a voltage below 3.5 V, as demonstrated in Fig. 19 (C) and (D).

Why is a battery short circuit shorter than a cell?

The inconsistent behavior among batteries and heat transfer between them are considered the main reasons why the duration of a short circuit in a module is typically shorter than that of an individual cell. As Fig. 16 (E) and (F) demonstrate, failed cells exhibit higher surface temperatures compared to functioning ones.

How does ambient temperature affect the magnitude of a short circuit?

The magnitude of the short circuit current is significantly influenced by the ambient temperature, as demonstrated in Fig. 10 (A–C). The peak current at the onset of a short circuit notably decreases at lower temperatures (Fig. 10 (D)), largely due to a substantial increase in charge transfer resistance at these temperatures .

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