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What materials are used to make a battery?

The individual parts are shredded to form granulate and this is then dried. The process produces aluminum, copper and plastics and, most importantly, a black powdery mixture that contains the essential battery raw materials: lithium, nickel, manganese, cobalt and graphite.

Which material is used in lithium ion batteries?

Graphite is used as the anode material in lithium-ion batteries. It has the highest proportion by volume of all the battery raw materials and also represents a significant percentage of the costs of cell production.

Where are lithium batteries made?

Source: JRC analysis. The supply 1 of each processed raw material and components for batteries is currently controlled by an oligopoly industry, which is highly concentrated in China. Although China is expected to continue holding a dominant position, geographic diversification will increase on the supply side, mostly for refined lithium.

How does battery production affect the environment?

Environmental: The extraction and refining of raw materials, as well as cell production, can have severe environmental effects, such as land degradation, biodiversity loss, creation of hazardous waste, or contamination of water, soil, and air. Unprofessional or even illegal battery disposal can cause severe toxic pollution.

Will China continue to supply battery-grade raw materials over 2030?

China will continue to be the major supplier of battery-grade raw materials over 2030, even though global supply of these materials will be increasingly diversified. Possible supply shortages will remain.

How can a battery value chain localize its supply chain?

Players in the battery value chain who want to localize the supply chain could mitigate these risks through vertical integration, localized upstream value chain, strategic partnerships, and stringent planning of manufacturing ramp-ups. The battery value chain is facing both significant opportunities and challenges due to its unprecedented growth.

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