The as-developed sodium–sulfur batteries deliver high capacity and long cycling stability. To date, batteries based on alkali metal-ion intercalating cathode and anode materials, such as lithium-ion batteries, have been widely used in modern society from portable electronics to electric vehicles 1.
Utility-scale sodium–sulfur batteries are manufactured by only one company, NGK Insulators Limited (Nagoya, Japan), which currently has an annual production capacity of 90 MW . The sodium sulfur battery is a high-temperature battery. It operates at 300°C and utilizes a solid electrolyte, making it unique among the common secondary cells.
However, many reported sodium batteries are based on conventional organic liquid electrolyte, which would lead to potential safety issues. Developing solid-state electrolyte (SSE) for sodium batteries is an effective way to solve such problems.
Kohl, M. et al. Hard carbon anodes and novel electrolytes for long-cycle-life room temperature sodium-sulfur full cell batteries. Adv. Energ. Mater. 6, 1502815 (2016). Kim, I. et al. Sodium polysulfides during charge/discharge of the room-temperature Na/S battery using TEGDME electrolyte. J. Electrochem. Soc. 163, A611–A616 (2016).
Zhang, Z.Z., Xu, K.Q., Rong, X.H., et al.: Na 3.4 Zr 1.8 Mg 0.2 Si 2 PO 12 filled poly (ethylene oxide)/Na (CF 3 SO 2) 2 N as flexible composite polymer electrolyte for solid-state sodium batteries.
All-solid-state batteries using Na anode, Na 3 V 2 (PO 4) 3 (NVP) cathode, and Na 5 YSi 4 O 12 ceramic electrolyte operating at 25 °C have been developed by Sun et al. in 2019. [ 61 ]
The GPE has been used in sodium-sulfur battery, which exhibited a high first discharge capacity of 498 mA h g −1 at 0.144 mA cm −2. ... Electrolyte composition …
The sodium-sulfur battery (Na–S) combines a negative electrode of molten sodium, liquid sulfur at the positive electrode, and β-alumina, a sodium-ion conductor, as the electrolyte to produce 2 …
Abstract— This review examines research reported in the past decade in the field of the fabrication of batteries based on the sodium–sulfur system, capable of operating at an ambient …
Nakamoto et al. studied the effect of various Na-salts (i.e., Na 2 SO 4, NaNO 3, and NaClO 4) at different concentration on Na 2 FeP 2 O 7 /NaTi 2 (PO 4) 3 rechargeable aqueous sodium-ion …
Herein, we report a room-temperature sodium–sulfur battery with high electrochemical performances and enhanced safety by employing a "cocktail optimized" …
This review introduces the development and recent progress of different types of solid-state electrolyte for sodium batteries, including β-alumina, NASICON, sulfide-based electrolyte, …
Nakamoto et al. studied the effect of various Na-salts (i.e., Na 2 SO 4, NaNO 3, and NaClO 4) at different concentration on Na 2 FeP 2 O 7 /NaTi 2 (PO 4) 3 rechargeable aqueous sodium-ion battery. NaNO 3-based electrolyte …
Progress in the development of solid-state electrolytes for reversible room-temperature sodium–sulfur batteries. S. K. Vineeth abc, Mike Tebyetekerwa c, Hanwen Liu c, Chhail Bihari …
Thus, we explored various electrolyte compositions; specifically organic solvents such as propylene carbonate (PC), dioxolane (DOL), dimethoxyethane, and diglyme (DIG) …
Driven by the abundance and low costs of sulfur and bromine salts, this study investigates the viability of an aqueous flow battery system, in which sodium bromide (NaBr) is …
The sample with the highest σ total in Figure 4, Na 3.4 Zr 2 Si 2.4 P 0.6 O 12 has a value of 5×10 −3 S cm −1 at 25 °C, 67 which is also on the same level as the state-of …
The RT Na–S battery utilized NaClO 4 in PC-EC carbonate solvents as electrolyte with sodium foils as anodes and composite sulfur as cathode (Fig. 5 a). In this …
The sample with the highest σ total in Figure 4, Na 3.4 Zr 2 Si 2.4 P 0.6 O 12 has a value of 5×10 −3 S cm −1 at 25 °C, 67 which is also on the same level as the state-of-the-art liquid-based electrolytes for sodium-ion …
Driven by the abundance and low costs of sulfur and bromine salts, this study investigates the viability of an aqueous flow battery system, in which sodium bromide (NaBr) is …
The sodium–sulfur battery is formed by combining the liquid states of the negative sodium and positive sulfur electrodes. Both electrode components are in a liquid state. It has been …
Inorganic β and β"-Al 2 O 3 are a well-known solid-state electrolytes for high-temperature sodium–sulfur batteries. The stoichiometry and the arrangement of the oxygen ions present in the conduction layers are different for both materials.
Simultaneous suppression of the dendrite formation and shuttle effect in a lithium–sulfur battery by bilateral solid electrolyte interface," Adv. Sci. 5, 1700934 (2018). ...
We elucidate the Na storage mechanisms and improvement strategies for battery performance. In particular, we discuss the advances in the development of battery …
Notably, in the 1960s and 1980s, solid-state β-alumina electrolytes were introduced for high-temperature sodium‑sulfur (Na-S) and sodium-transition metal halides …
Inorganic β and β"-Al 2 O 3 are a well-known solid-state electrolytes for high-temperature sodium–sulfur batteries. The stoichiometry and the arrangement of the oxygen ions present in …
Herein, we report a room-temperature sodium–sulfur battery with high electrochemical performances and enhanced safety by employing a "cocktail optimized" …
We elucidate the Na storage mechanisms and improvement strategies for battery performance. In particular, we discuss the advances in the development of battery …
In view of the gradual depletion of lithium resources, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as a viable alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This is primarily attributed …
Figure 1. Battery Structure. The typical sodium sulfur battery consists of a negative molten sodium electrode and an also molten sulfur positive electrode. The two are …
This paper summarizes the research progress of organic liquid electrolytes for sodium ion batteries by discussing the basic requirements and composition of organic electrolytes for sodium ion batteries, the current …